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??????????? ?????????五部委彻查网络非法下载 搜索服务成众矢之的

www.XINHUANET.com　　2005年08月28日 11:24:08　　来源：21世纪经济报道

一场因网络知识产权保护引发的风暴悄然来临！

8月15日，网易公司宣布暂停MP3搜索服务，这是第一家因为知识产权问题而放弃提供MP3搜索服务的网络公司。

与此同时，上海步升音乐文化传播公司将搜索引擎服务商百度告上法院，指控其提供的MP3搜索服务侵权，这也是我国首例因为搜索引擎产生的音乐传播侵权诉讼。另外，提供数码版权管理的源泉公司也要求百度删除提供盗版流行歌曲的网站链接。

一场更大的监管风暴还在酝酿之中。8月19日，文化部、公安部、国家版权局、信息产业部、国家工商行政管理局五部委相关部门共聚一堂，召开了一个主题就是严打网络非法下载的讨论会。

参与此次会议的人士向本报透露，从今年9月开始，上述五部委将就网络非法下载内容如音乐、影视、软件实行清理整治，严厉打击那些没有经过授权而提供相关内容的网站，“此次专项治理的重点是盗版音乐、软件的下载”。

　　搜索成众矢之的？

网易的新闻发言人否认了事先得到有关部门将严查网络非法下载消息的可能。她解释称，MP3搜索虽然能带来很大的流量，但是该服务是建立在影响到别人利益之上的，“网易暂时停止MP3搜索服务，会在歌曲和歌手的权益得到保障时再开展该服务”。

消息发布后，网易股票在16日下跌2.3美元，但仍维持在76美元的高价位。网易新闻发言人解释，网易此前的MP3搜索因为免费所以并不带来收入，因此对网易的影响并不大。

相对网易这种并不以搜索作为主要收入来源的门户而言，市场人士普遍认为，越来越多的知识产权诉讼和即将到来的专项治理，将对Google、百度、搜狗、一搜、中搜等专业搜索服务提供商带来沉重打击。

这些搜索引擎服务提供商无一例外地设有MP3音乐搜索的频道。根据Alexa提供的流量统计，全球最大的中文搜索引擎百度，其MP3搜索占其搜索总流量的22%。

网络非法下载近年来已呈燎原之势。根据CNNIC第16次中国互联网调查报告显示，有超过45%的网民每天使用互联网下载音乐、超过37%的网民经常使用互联网下载影视。而在这其中，几乎所有的音乐和影视都是由未曾授权的网站提供。

事实上，因为盗版泛滥，全球唱片业2004年的损失在45亿美元之巨，而2005年这一数字则更加扩大。IFPI(国际唱片业协会)组织的人士警告说：“没有控制的唱片下载，已经成为唱片业最大的威胁。”他透露说，目前在网上有大约一亿首歌曲，而网民使用得最多的便是通过搜索的得到的结果。

记者就五部委专项整治行动致电部分网站，所有受访人士均出言谨慎。百度副总裁梁冬强调，“对于百度来说，百度只提供MP3搜索，不提供下载。”

梁冬进一步表示：“用户并不知道，在他点击某个链接的同时，他已经到了另一个网站了。百度并不提供下载的内容，百度只是一个搜索工具，许多人误认为他所下载的音乐来自百度。”

搜狐副总裁、搜狗搜索创始人王建军也对记者表示，由于许多唱片公司并不清楚这些盗版音乐的源头，故而对搜索服务商提出删除链接等要求，“搜狗提供的MP3搜索同样占有很大的流量份额，但是由于MP3内容并非由搜狗提供，因此国家打击非法下载真正的用意是清源头，而非针对搜索服务。”

一个引人关注的事实是，因为涉嫌侵犯知识产权，Google此前在停止了其图书馆搜索服务。

相关新闻：

60家网站MP3下载可能收费 “免费午餐”能吃多久

国内首家国际及国内音乐版权组织的授权监控方北京源泉昨天透露，今年介入网络侵权案件后，230多家收到意向书的网站中，60余家已达成共识，遵守网络音乐知识产权。在国内互联网逐渐融入国际游戏规则的背景下，MP3免费下载“白食”还能吃多久？

依法严惩知识产权犯罪 我国法院加大司法保护力度

自2004年底最高人民法院、最高人民检察院颁布实施《关于办理侵犯知识产权刑事案件具体应用法律若干问题的解释》以来，我国各级法院采取多种措施，进一步加大知识产权司法保护的力度，依法严惩侵犯知识产权违法犯罪行为，保护权利人的合法权益，维护市场经济秩序，取得了明显的效果。

网易叫停MP3搜索避免纠纷 搜狐百度不为所动

MP3搜索引发是非之争 正版音乐网站开始抬头

“特别301评估报告”之后

上述知情人士称，从9月开始的打击网络非法下载的治理行动，将同去年全国范围内打击网络色情的时间一样，历时4个月在年底结束。

一个背景是，今年4月底，美国发布中国知识产权“特别301评估报告”，将中国放入“重点观察国家”名单，并继续保留在306监督国家名单中，这意味着美国对中国知识产权保护状况的关注升级。美国甚至威胁将通过WTO组织要求中国履行知识产权保护承诺。为此，中国政府成立的知识产权协调小组多次同美国政府进行副总理级别的会谈。

7月11日，中美双方宣布，在刚刚结束的第16届中美商贸联委会上就知识产权等问题达成了协议。其中，在这次会议上，中方向美方做出将严厉打击网络(网吧)盗版的专项治理活动的承诺。

而今年5月，信息产业部已经要求各地在6月30日前将所有境内网站进行备案和登记。上半年，文化部牵头的五部委则对网络游戏中涉嫌非法和不文明的行为进行了整顿。

“有法可依，同时也是兑现承诺，另外，近来国内外许多唱片公司纷纷向涉嫌侵权盗版的网站提起诉讼，各项条件具备之后，打击网络盗版侵权的行动开始就能更加顺利。”一位多年从事知识产权保护的律师告诉记者。

王建军承认，政府的这一专项活动，会对搜索引擎的使用流量带来影响，“但这种状况不是让搜索服务提供商删除链接就能真正得到改善的。何况网上也有已经授权的音乐下载，还有收费的音乐下载”。

梁冬则向记者表示，近期，百度正在同国内外各大唱片公司进行协商，多数唱片公司已经同百度达成了谅解条款，“音乐的网络销售是一种潮流，唱片公司也应该顺应市场的变化”。

搜索背后的盗版者

多数法律界人士认为，搜索服务商如果只提供搜索而不提供内容，判定其侵权的可能性很小，政府开展的专项治理应更多倾向那些提供盗版内容的网站。

由于五部委联合打击非法下载的具体行动方案还未出台，如何确保行动的效果成为了关注的焦点。文化部一位官员告诉记者，如果采取去年的打击网络色情的群众运动形式来执行本次行动，恐怕不很现实，“仍旧需要依照法律来严格限制这类侵犯知识产权的行为”。

今年的4月30日，国家版权局局长石宗源和信息产业部部长王旭东签发了我国第一部网络著作权行政管理规章《互联网著作权行政保护办法》。5月30日起，这部行政性质的法规正式实施。

这个保护办法共19条，国家版权局版权司副司长许超介绍，这个保护办法主要规范的对象，是在互联网信息服务活动中，根据互联网内容提供者的指令，通过互联网自动提供作品、录音录像制品等内容的上载、存储、链接或搜索等功能，且对存储或传输的内容不进行任何编辑、修改或选择的行为。

办法特别指出，由于互联网信息服务提供者难以对互联网内容提供者所提供的内容尽到全面审查义务，因此不对互联网上侵犯著作权的行为承担过重的法律责任。只有在明知互联网内容提供者通过互联网实施侵犯他人著作权的行为，或者虽不明知，但接到著作权人的通知后未采取移除相关内容，同时损害公共利益的情况下，才承担行政法律责任。

“如果该法规真正执行下去，网络盗版的现状将得到明显的改善，对我们这些搜索服务商来说，更是好事。因为今后的音乐搜索就有了同唱片公司合作收费的可能。”王建军说。

业界人士所担心的是，专项治理所针对的多是境内的非法音乐网站，而如果是存储内容在境外的网站，国内互联网仍可以访问并下载，这是一个执行起来非常困难的问题。有趋势表明，许多个人网站鉴于国内监管实力的增强而开始往国外搬迁。而由于网络带宽的增加，这种跨国下载的方式并不影响速度。（记者 雷中辉）

（责任编辑:宗爱强）

我国对外贸易增长方式转变的回顾及主要成绩

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People's Daily Online -- News analysis: new characteristics in China's int'l trade disputes

People's Daily Online -- News analysis: new characteristics in China's int'l trade disputesHome >> Opinion
UPDATED: 16:56, August 12, 2005
News analysis: new characteristics in China's int'l trade disputes

As China's total foreign trade volume goes on soaring with the trade surplus expanding, the country has been more frequently engaged in all kinds of trade disputes with major trade partners. Some new characteristics begin to emerge in this area.

Firstly, many of China's foreign trade disputes are related to its export of textile goods. After the global textile quota regime was removed on Jan. 1, 2005, China's textile export to many countries began to skyrocket.

Since the latter half of 2004, there have been seven anti-dumping or safeguard cases in the world against textile goods imported from China.

The European Union and the United States, China's two largest trade partners, both imposed quotas on some categories of Chinese textile products this year, leading to rounds of inter-governmental trade talks.

Recently Canada, South Africa, Colombia, and some other countries also launched investigations on textile imports from China to decide whether to impose restrictions. Some believe the textile issue will continue to be controversial in China's foreign trade exchanges on the long run.

Secondly, more and more developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America have started to kickoff anti-dumping, anti-subsidy and safeguard measures against Chinese goods.

From January to July this year, of the total 35 cases restricting imports from China, 22 cases were launched by developing countries.

Thirdly trade partners are taking increasingly rigid measures against Chinese goods, which severely affect the growth of China's industries and the employment of tens of millions of low-income workers.

China has made a concrete effort to ameliorate to these trade frictions. The European Union and China, after hard talks lasting into the early morning, agreed on a deal in June to manage the growth of Chinese textile imports to the EU until the end of 2007.

The Sino-EU agreement on textile trade set a good example for future proper solutions of trade frictions with other countries.

By now, 70 Chinese enterprises responding to the EU's anti-dumping investigations have gained the recognition of having a market economy status. Successful lobbying by Chinese companies has excluded China's sneaker exports, worth 330 million US dollars, from the EU's anti-dumping surveys.

The government and chambers of commerce are also improving their early-alert mechanisms to guide and regulate the export activity of Chinese firms, so as to avoid unnecessary losses and further trade friction.

Last month, the Ministry of Commerce and the China Textile Import and Export Chamber, due to US restrictive measures, on several occasions sent red alert signals to domestic companies, asking them to suspend exports of some categories of textile goods to it.

Although China has scored remarkable progress in dealing with its trade disputes, some difficulties and problems remain, said an official with the Ministry of Commerce.

China's export structure as well as the growth mode of its foreign trade are highly conducive to trade conflict, the official acknowledged, and many domestic enterprises are still passive in responding to trade disputes.

Source: Xinhua

People's Daily Online -- A view on China's foreign trade and economic relations 1st half 2005 (I)

People's Daily Online -- A view on China's foreign trade and economic relations 1st half 2005 (I)Home >> Business
UPDATED: 09:30, August 13, 2005
A view on China's foreign trade and economic relations 1st half 2005 (I)

A good scenario has been seen in China's foreign trade and international economic cooperation over the first six months of this year, as a result of efforts on exploiting the "two markets" (domestic and overseas), improving bilateral and multi-lateral trade relations, and handling trade disputes properly.

A good scenario

Exports grew rapidly whilst imports slowed down during the 1st half. The 32.7 percent exports increase over the same period of the previous year reflected a sustained upturn of exports for the latest 3 years. A favorable external environment, embedded in the world's economic growth and robust international market demand combined the internal incentives represented by central government's subsidies for areas heavily burdened with export tax rebates.

A series of measures to transform the export mix have been taken and worked, including a push-start to exports of ships, large equipment and outfit, auto parts and regional airplanes. Exports of mechanical and electronic products and hi-tech products jumped 33 percent and 32.4 percent respectively. Conversely, tax rebates were cut down or removed on products featured with heavy energy consumption, heavy pollution and resource-related, such as billet, rolled steel and aluminum not forged or rolled. Processing trade was even banned for 7 categories, such as iron ore and the policy of "production replacing imports" in the steel sector was also halted. Therefore, growth of imports of all these products lagged behind that of the same period of last year by 29 percentage points and stood well below the exports growth by 18.7 percentage points.

Imports in the general trade, more affected by investment slowdown, only moved up 7.5 percent and the share in total imports was down by 2.5 percentage points. Less orders were placed for products which were closely depended on the investment climate, such as billet, rolled steel, refined oil and plastic in primary form. Imports were also affected by expanded production capacity, excessive imports last year, downward equipment imports by foreign investors, and rising expectation for RMB revaluation.

The trade surplus soared to 39.6 billion USD for the first half year which was higher than last year's total. Favorable balance inflated robustly in trade with the US and Europe.

The actual absorption of foreign capital has been down and contracted foreign investment has been up since the beginning of the year. Manufacturing remained the favorite in the eyes of foreign investors, which actually used 20.3 billion USD of foreign capital, down by 0.8 percent year on year and taking up 71.1 percent of the total amount of foreign capital influx used. The actual use of foreign investment rose 20 percent in chemical raw materials and chemical manufacturing whilst that of electronic equipment manufacturing jumped 9.2 percent.

The wholesale and retailing sector used more foreign capital by 0.9 percent compared with the same period of last year, contrasting with the 4.7 percent decline in the housing sector.

In addition, geographical distribution of foreign investment varied distinctly. 89.9 percent of foreign investment, or 25.7 billion USD went to the east, compared with the 1.9 billion USD to the central areas, down by 31.4 percent, and the 900 million USD to the west, up 28.4 percent. In the northeast where the old industrial base was struggling for revival, the actual use of foreign investment shrank 56.6 percent. The old 15 EU members pumped more in China by 18.3 percent while the US input less by 28.9 percent.

The "Go global" strategy continued making progress. Chinese businesses launched more mergers and acquisitions and sought more investment opportunities on the overseas market. A circular on encouraging the information industry to tap the overseas market has been issued and a guiding catalogue for investing in specific countries has also been released. China made nearly 2 billion USD non-financial direct investment outside the country. 474 businesses built their presence on the overseas market under the approval and registration by the Ministry of Commerce, a jump of 44.5 percent. There were more large projects, as well as more mergers and acquisitions. More attention was given to those large projects to make sure these contracts are fulfilled. 7 big deals were inked during the 2nd China-Russia Investment Promotion Fair. Lenovo's acquisition of IBM PC business was handled properly.

Exploitation of overseas resources was pushed forward. The contracted projects for the first half of the year valued 8.56 billion USD and overseas labor cooperation brought 2 billion USD turnover, increasing 30.7 percent and 26.1 percent respectively. By the end of June 523,000 laborers had worked outside China.

Relations with trading partners were improving. More than 7,000 kinds of products enjoyed lower tariffs on the trade between China and ASEAN nations. Two rounds of free trade talks completed with the Golf Cooperation Council and Chile. Three rounds completed with New Zealand. Talks on free trade agreement were officially launched with Australia and Pakistan.

Planning of China-India and China-ROK trade and economic cooperation has been done. Zero-tariffs were granted to some imports from 25 least developed countries in Africa. The first China-Caribbean Economic and Trade Cooperation Forum was held. 18 kinds of Taiwan fruits were allowed into the mainland market, with 15 free from tariffs.

Achievements were made in the integration of textile trade. China and EU finally reached a consensus on the textile trade, which secured the bilateral strategic partnership and won more room and stable environment for Chinese textile exporters. Major trade row cases were dealt with more seriously. 25 businesses finally won the market economy status in the EU MMF fiber cloth case. 5 got zero tariffs in the EU steel cast case. Involvement in the response to and negotiations with India and the US for silk and art canvas helped settlement of the disputes. Aggressive efforts were made of the issue of China's market economy status. 7 countries, such as Australia, recognized China as a market economy during the first six months. And China-US and China-EU consultation on this issue proceeded at the technical level.

Part 1. Part 2.
By People's Daily Online

People's Daily Online -- A view on China's foreign trade and economic relations 1st half 2005 (II)

People's Daily Online -- A view on China's foreign trade and economic relations 1st half 2005 (II)
Home >> Business
UPDATED: 14:43, August 13, 2005
A view on China's foreign trade and economic relations 1st half 2005 (II)

A good scenario has been seen in China's foreign trade and international economic cooperation over the first six months of this year, as a result of efforts on exploiting the "two markets" (domestic and overseas), improving bilateral and multi-lateral trade relations, and handling trade disputes properly.

Problems

Trade imbalance with different partners became imminent when the trade surplus soared. The macro economic situation at home and abroad showed that the robust increase in export and moderate rise of imports would be hardly reversible. The trade surplus would likely approach 80 billion USD for the whole year if export rose 25 percent and imports 18 percent. That would double the highest record in history.

In the meantime, the situation varied on trade with different partners. Surplus normally took place in trade with the US and EU while more deficit was created in trade with ROK, Russia and Australia. A conservative estimation set China's favorable balance of trade with US at more than 100 billion USD and 60 billion USD with the EU. That would provide new pretexts for trade protectionism on those markets.

Exports of high energy consumption and resource products kept rising rapidly, indicating a challenge for the macro-control campaign. The government cut or removed some export tax rebates and banned processing trade of some categories of such products. As a result, export of primary steel products and rolled steel dropped. In June export of billet only went up slightly by 9.6 percent, while in March the export surged 14.3 times. Export of rolled steel doubled in June, compare with that in March when the amount was jumped 2.4 times. However, generally, exports of high energy consumption, heavy pollution and resource related products still spiraled up. Rises of export of billet, rolled steel and aluminum not forged reached 2.6 times, 1.5 times and 21.5 percent respectively. It is no easy task to rein in these exports due to the rapid expansion of investment on the production capacity in the previous years.

There is increasing trade protectionism sentiment against China. Textile will face a difficult road ahead. The consultation on the textile trade between China and the US is still under way. If it fails, China-made cotton trousers and cotton shirts which are under the US restriction will be kept out of the US customs.

Some developing countries are also likely to activate Article 242 and safeguard measures against Chinese goods. Trade friction has intensified between China and the US whose five out of 11 investigations under Article 337 this year have targeted at China, more than any other country. Over the first six months of this year alone, the US has raised its trade deficit, the yuan exchange rate and the intellectual rights protection to China as its most concerned issues. The US Congress proposed 11 bills asking the Bush administration for harsh measures against China on trade and economic exchanges.

The EU has shown increasing protectionism against China. It has consolidated its control over shoes import. One of its steps was the decision on anti-dumping investigations into Chinese shoes on June 12. China's home appliance export will face more pressure after the EU's two instructions on recycling of appliances, WEEE and ROHS, are effective as of August 13.

New frictions have been triggered in developing countries. Argentina, Colombia, Mexico and Brazil are considering safeguard measures and India, along with other markets, is making more anti-dumping probes into Chinese products.

Mounting pressure continues on the further appreciation of the Chinese currency. The fast growth of the exports and the upsurging trade surplus have pushed China's forex reserves up remarkably. This in turn adds difficulty into the central bank's decision making on its monetary policy.

The US attributed the RMB to its trade deficit with China and the US Congress, government and industrial associations have kept pressurizing China for stronger yuan. There is voice from the Capitol Hill even requiring punitive tariffs on all Chinese products.

China needs to improve its tax rebate system. As local governments have to shoulder more to fund tax rebates, some places deliberately constrain the growth of foreign trade firms, discourage or limit export-oriented foreign-funded projects, or block procurement beyond the local suppliers and export of general trade. New defaulted tax rebates have taken place in some places.

China's foreign trade and economic cooperation will enjoy a favorable overall environment nationally and internationally. The Ministry of Commerce predicts that the scenario of exports exceeding imports would be unlikely to be reversed, which would lead to the fulfillment of the 15 percent growth goal for the whole year. In addition, foreign investors are still optimistic toward China's environment and will hopefully bring more foreign capital influx into China than last year.

Priorities for the second half of the year will be placed on further transformation of the way of export growth, boosting imports, improving the utilization of foreign capital, upgrading the national development zones, accelerating the implement of the "go global" strategy with the focus on the diversified places of origin for textile products, making more efforts on bilateral and multilateral trade and economic relations including more participation into the regional economic cooperation, and handling the world trade disputes properly to protect domestic industries.


By People's Daily Online

?????????39? ??????????

?????????39? ?????????? 我国对外反倾销调查39起 将面临更多反补贴调查

www.XINHUANET.com　　 2005-08-09 09:13:55　　来源：新华网

　新华网北京8月9日电（记者 王宇）记者8日从商务部获悉,自1997年我国对进口产品发起第一起反倾销调查案件以来，我国对外反倾销调查案件已达39起，我国实施贸易救济措施、开展反倾销调查取得良好效果。但商务部有关人士同时指出, 随着我国市场经济地位被更多国家承认，我国遭遇他国反补贴调查案件也将逐渐增多。
据商务部产业损害调查局局长王琴华介绍，迄今为止，我国已对39起反倾销案件中的22起做出终裁并征收反倾销税。在反倾销案件立案及裁决后，大多数产品的进口倾销状况得到纠正，多数涉案产品进口数量明显下降，进口价格明显上升，国内产业经营状况得到改善，市场环境趋好。

据介绍，这39起案件共涉及申请企业120余家，遍布全国23个省区市。案件涉及化工、钢铁、轻工、纺织、电子等五大行业共38类产品，其中三分之二以上案件集中在化工行业。从涉案金额看，据不完全统计，前30起反倾销案件累计涉案金额约60亿美元，其中，冷轧板卷反倾销案涉案金额达17亿美元，为迄今为止我国反倾销案件中涉案金额最大的案件。

王琴华同时指出，进入入世“后过渡期”我国将迎来贸易争端高发期，国际经贸环境更加错综复杂，国内重点产业安全面临形势依然严峻。

商务部有关专家分析，由于过渡期保护措施取消和进一步开放市场，国内产业面临的挑战和压力将有所加大。虽然国内产业总体不会受到严重冲击，但个别产业由于受技术、市场、资源的制约，可能会受到进口产品和服务的潜在威胁。例如，我国部分高新技术产品和关键制造设备对外依赖程度较高，在关键技术上受制于人，可能成为部分产业可持续发展的技术制约瓶颈；而随着关税进一步下调和进口配额许可证的取消，棉花、大豆、小麦等部分农产品也将遭遇国外优质低价产品的进口压力。

此外，随着全球贸易摩擦的加剧，以及承认我国完全市场经济地位国家数量的增多，我国产品还将遭遇国外越来越多的反补贴调查。

据介绍，目前发达国家和不少发展中国家都有反补贴的法律和实践，此前，由于视我国为非市场经济国家而未对我国采取反补贴行动。目前，全球已有36个国家相继承认中国的完全市场经济地位。随着承认我国完全市场经济地位国家的增多，我国产品面临的反补贴调查也会增加。

另据王琴华介绍，对“非市场经济”国家是否适用反补贴调查，世贸组织成员国一直存在争议。但是，继去年我国遭遇了首起由加拿大发起的反补贴调查后，美国及欧盟开始投入了针对“非市场经济”国家发起反补贴调查适用国内法的研讨。上个月，美国众议院就通过了旨在对我国商品征收反补贴税的《美国贸易权利执行法案》。

王琴华说，应对国外反补贴调查，是我国企业、政府面临的一大新挑战。我国各级政府应深入研究反补贴调查的国际规则，掌握应对之策，加快清理和制定相关规定和政策，使之与世贸组织规则相一致。企业、律师也应当积极探索、积累反补贴的应诉经验，共同化解国外对中国产品发起反补贴调查所带来的不利影响。（完）

-- 维护自身权益 开展对外反倾销调查 --

商务部的最新统计：我国对外反倾销调查达37起

商务部产业损害调查局局长王琴华２日在此间召开的产业安全工作会议上表示，我国加入世贸组织后，进口关税大幅降低，各类传统保护措施逐步取消，贸易救济措施对维护产业安全的作用越来越突出，截至目前，我国共发起反倾销调查３７起，其中２５起是在加入世贸组织后发起的。在这３７起案件中，已经作出终裁并征收反倾销税的案件２２起，无损害终止调查２起，倾销幅度低于２％终止调查１起，申请人撤诉１起。

·中国将对日欧美进口呋喃酚采取临时反倾销措施
·商务部决定对进口邻苯二酚进行反倾销立案调查
·商务部对进口未漂白牛皮箱纸板采取临时反倾销措施
·商务部决定将进口双酚A反倾销调查期限延长6个月



热点阅读：我国进入贸易摩擦高发期 出口结构调整亟待调整 中国寻求解决贸易争端之道

-- 积极应对国外反倾销 --

积极应诉 中国企业首次扭转欧盟反倾销初裁决定

在应诉欧盟反倾销过程中，我诸多涉案企业申请市场经济地位，往往只有少数企业获得通过。其中，欧盟随意对我涉案企业财务制度的“不认可”，是我多数涉案企业未获市场经济地位的主要原因。因此，诺力公司首次扭转欧盟初裁决定，在终裁中获得市场经济地位，将对我其他相关企业产生重大影响。

反倾销大棒:中国“鞋盾牌”应战欧盟“连环箭”

中国皮革协会秘书长苏超英曾预言，一旦纺织品纠纷解决，欧盟的注意力将向中国鞋转移。如今，中国鞋业的预感不幸成真。对于国内制鞋企业来说，欧盟挥舞的劳保鞋反倾销调查大棒，将成为中国鞋业经历西班牙被烧、俄罗斯被扣事件之后在国际市场上遭受的又一重创。

·温州民间打响外贸保卫战 鞋企老板抱团游说欧盟
·历时一年半 温州眼镜打赢阿根廷反倾销案
·欧盟对华自行车反倾销税上调到48.5% 为期5年
·中国坚决反对欧盟对我部分鞋类发起反倾销调查
·民营企业应对反倾销十二策

-- 警惕国外反补贴调查 --

两党竞相提议征反补贴税 对华贸易成美政坛棋子

针对中美之间的贸易纠纷，美国政界近日又发动了新一波攻势：7月14日，美国众院两党的议员在同一天竞相提出提案，要求美国政府在贸易问题上对中国采取系列措施。两党的提案均主张对中国使用反补贴法。

美国众院通过征收中国商品反补贴税 如何应对

中国自加入WTO起将取消所有出口补贴和进口替代补贴。虽然中国在入世15年内可被视为"非市场经济国家"，但其他WTO成员可以援引《补贴与反补贴措施协定》规定对从中国进口产品征收反补贴税，因为该规则在认定是否存在补贴时不用考虑是否为市场经济国家，这也是加拿大、美国相继准备对我国实施反补贴的原因之一，欧盟也开始研究我国企业获得补贴情况，准备对我国实施反补贴，可以说美欧加随时都有可能对中国抡起反补贴大棒，我们应加倍警惕，防患于未然，尽量使我国外贸免受或少受损害

·美国国会二度表决通过对华商品征反补贴税法案

-- 坎坷贸易路 反思外贸战略 --

中美贸易摩擦频发：现行对美贸易模式走到尽头　

是什么原因导致中美经贸陷入“多事之秋”？又是什么原因，使中国在对美贸易的过程中，显得如此被动？或许，我国的外贸进出口模式、外向型经济的弊端已经逐渐显现；在对外贸易的大交换中，中国是获益还是受损了？这些，都需要人们重新认真审视。

模式亟待调整：对美贸易战略的终结与调整

“奖出措施实质是以追加支出我国的物力和财力来取得出口的增长。”赵丹阳说，“这种鼓励输出廉价产品的做法，不但恶化了我国的贸易环境，也牺牲了国民福利。鼓励和奖励的措施越多，我国国民福利牺牲的代价越大。”

关注外贸战略：中国对美贸易顺差肥了谁

“我国对美出口的商品，有点不计成本的味道。”梅新育说，“由于普遍存在低价倾销的问题，中国的资源白白送给了美国。”造成这种“盲目出口”的局面，跟中国的对外贸易战略不无干系。

美国贸易保护危及全球 十余项惩罚中国法案待批

美国的贸易逆差去年达到6180亿美元，贸易已经成为美国国会争论日趋激烈的问题，国会内部共和党与民主党之间严重的党派偏见使温和人士难以在争议问题上超越党派界限。

LexisNexis(TM) Academic - Document

Financial Times (London, England)

August 4, 2005 Thursday
London Edition 1

SECTION: ASIA-PACIFIC; Pg. 7

LENGTH: 458 words

HEADLINE: Beijing moves to curb foreign involvement in media market

BYLINE: By MURE DICKIE and FRANCESCO GUERRERA

DATELINE: BEIJING and HONG KONG

BODY:


China propaganda tsars have moved to defend "national cultural security" by ordering tighter controls on foreign involvement in the media market.

New rules on "cultural imports", announced in an article carried by the People's Daily, mouthpiece of the ruling Communist party, underline Beijing's recent cautious approach to opening an industry it sees as a political bulwark.

The rules forbid "in principle" the granting of permission for any more foreign television channels or the issuing of new licences for companies to handle cultural imports, areas in which foreign companies are already allowed only minimal access.

But the main significance of the regulations, issued by the party's propaganda department and five media-related government ministries and administrations, is to add weight to Beijing's recent conservative line on further media opening. China has in recent years sought to encourage foreign and private investment in the domestic media industry, which it hopes to make into a pillar of the national economy.

Last year, broadcasting regulators issued rules allowing foreigners to invest in joint venture television production companies for the first time, while some state newspapers were told they could list their commercial operations overseas.

But this year Beijing has tightened its limits on production joint ventures and officials are widely seen as moving more slowly to approve investments - to the disappointment of international media groups who are keen to play a role in what is a huge potential market. "Things have slowed down significantly," said a Hong Kong-based investment banker. "Our impression is that the government has become more conservative and more concerned about foreign interest in the media."

International media groups such as Viacom and News Corp have worked hard for years to cultivate Beijing's favour, but have so far won only limited room to operate in China and are still subject to tightly curtailed landing rights for their TV channels. The renewed caution on media opening comes against a backdrop of increased efforts to crack down on political dissidents, rein in Chinese journalists and strengthen censorship of the internet. Analysts say such moves reflect the determination of Hu Jintao, president, to head off any threat to his authority or party rule.

Beijing sought to soften the impact of the call for tighter control by also billing it as aimed at ensuring "protection of intellectual property rights and raising the level of opening to the outside world".

But the content of the rules as revealed by state media made clear the emphasis on controlling unwelcome content. They said controls on TV imports should be strengthened.

Additional reporting by Francesco Guerrera in Hong Kong

LOAD-DATE: August 3, 2005

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中海油输掉了并购战 美国政客输掉了面子


www.XINHUANET.com　　2005年08月04日 10:20:19　　来源：东方早报

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资料图：中海油首席执行官傅成玉

早报特约评论员 梅新育 责任编辑 魏英杰 任大刚

一场也许本就不应该开始的游戏结束了，中海油于8月2日宣布撤回对联合石油公司的收购要约。出价更高的中海油没能赢得联合石油公司董事会的推荐，尽人皆知，这是由于美国国会对这笔交易表现出了强烈的敌意，联合石油公司从股东到管理层都不得不担心如果选择中海油将遭到政府否决。

许多人指责是美国国会毫无意义的保护主义行为破坏了这笔本来属于“双赢”的交易，但是，让我们还是从现实而不是西方大国需要打开别国市场时挂在嘴上的“自由贸易”原则出发冷静地考虑这个问题吧！

首先应该说，美国对外资并购美国企业实施安全审查一点也不违反国际法，这是行使国家主权，任何国际贸易法、国际投资法、国际金融法都不禁止主权国家政府根据国家安全目的而对贸易、投资、金融活动实施某种限制。作为主权国家的政府，美国政府有权力、也完全可以对来自任何外国的投资进行国家安全审查；正如我国政府有责任对外资进行国家安全审查、对外资无原则的过度优惠属于严重渎职一样，更何况这笔交易的标的是石油天然气这样的战略资源，而竞购方又来自中国这样一个被许多美国人视为最大潜在对手的国家呢！须知美国虽然总体上堪称外资政策最自由的国家，但传统上相当重视对外资的政治安全审查，某些政治势力更是将中国视为唯一潜在战略对手，泛政治化倾向突出。

一个“守成大国”不愿接受“中国正在崛起”的事实，这不是少数政界人士的心态，而是整个“守成大国”社会的必然心理。不是有这样一个段子吗？———如何让最温文尔雅、处变不惊的美国参议员失态地跳将起来？答曰：告诉他中国人买下了一家美国企业。在中海油竞购联合石油的交易中，我们看到，跳将起来的绝不仅仅是一个两个国会议员，而是整个美国国会，乃至整个美国社会。

7月1日，美国众议院以333票赞成、92票反对的压倒多数禁止布什政府批准中海油并购联合石油公司，更以398票赞成、15票反对通过无约束力法案，要求布什政府立即全面调查这起并购案，提案宣称中海油并购联合石油公司威胁美国国家安全。在美国社会，主流民意也相当敌视中海油收购，《华尔街日报》与国家广播公司的民意测验结果显示，73%的美国民众反对中海油并购联合石油公司。我们可以认为这种民意是非理性的，也确实需要与美国的有识之士共同扭转这种偏见，但企业的正业不是与统治某一外国社会的偏见进行飞蛾扑火似的斗争，而是趋利避害，经营谋利。

中海油输掉了并购战，美国政治家则“输”掉了“自由贸易”的面子。这桩并购案让我们清醒地看到，完全的“自由贸易”原则仅仅存在于某些经济学家的笔下，过去没有、现在不会、将来也不可能在这个地球上真正实行，政治性风险应该是任何企业从事跨国经营时必须面对的现实，低估这种风险将可能导致严重失误。

即使不考虑政治性风险，在国际油价高涨的今天，竞购一家发达国家石油公司也很有可能是不合算的，因为在这种情况下股权收购价格必然高涨。不错，中海油去年年末开始与联合石油讨论并购事宜时，国际市场油价已经连续下跌了一段时期，市场普遍预期2005年油价将继续下跌，那时中海油130亿美元的出价对联合石油方面显得颇有吸引力，经济成本和政治性风险都较低；但随着2005年1月14日后国际市场石油行情的变动，这早已是明日黄花了。

中海油的失败，以及海尔放弃竞购美泰克，不应导致中国企业全面停止在海外的投资步伐，但应促使中国企业更加冷静地评估海外投资的收益与成本，更加理智地分析东道国的投资环境，从而避免我们的“走出去”战略最终只是留下一大堆烂帐无法收拾。

（责任编辑:曹建）

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亚洲经济合作对中国更重要 资本可受到有效保护


NEWS.SOHU.COM 　　2005年07月20日17:16　　商务周刊


　　预计在未来的三四十年里中国的总体贸易就会平衡，中国对于亚洲国家的逆差和对欧美国家的顺差，基本抵消

　　□文 汤敏

　　几个星期前，我到名古屋参加一个由日本内阁办公室组织的会议。从去年开始，日本首相小泉希望做一个日本长期发展规划，旨在探讨日本经济到2030年之前该怎么走，我是受邀请的5位国外专家之一。在谈日本2030年的问题时，有半天的时间是我一个人在那里讲或者回答有关中国的提问。后来在东京一个200人的会议上，一天的会议又有半天在讨论中国。

　　可能我们在中国还没有这样强烈的感受，国外对于中国经济特别是未来中国经济发展的重视是空前的。今年5月，亚洲开发银行新任行长黑田东彦来中国访问，他告诉我，在他刚刚上任后，曾到印度尼西亚访问，解决海啸的紧急救援问题。可是想不到在一个有关海啸的记者招待会上，有80%的问题是在谈论中国的经济情况。记者们关心中国对周边国家经济的影响以及世界经济对中国的影响。

　　事实上，对我所在亚洲开发银行来说，最重要的课题之一，就是正在崛起的中国与快速发展的亚洲如何进行合作。亚洲为什么要合作？这似乎看起来不是个问题，亚洲当然要合作，可是在很长的时间里，与其他的大洲相比较起来，亚洲各国的经济合作却是最落后的。

　　欧洲有欧洲共同体和由它发展而来的欧盟，美洲有北美自由贸易区，拉丁美洲有几个经济合作区，即便是非洲，在上世纪六七十年代时也开始讨论经济合作。可亚洲却在很长时间里是一盘散沙。这主要有两个原因：一个是意识形态的原因。在亚洲，两大阵营壁垒森严，有些国家之间很难合作；第二点，亚洲一些主要国家觉得亚洲内部的贸易不是很大，其主要国际市场在北美和西欧，所以亚洲的经济合作进展非常慢。

　　事实并非如此。从2003年国际贸易的一个矩阵来看，各大洲洲内贸易比率，除西欧以外就数亚洲最大，约为50%。如果算整个欧洲，亚洲洲内贸易的比率比欧洲还高。这个特点不仅适用整个洲，也包括中国。中国的民众一般都认为，中国的主要贸易伙伴在北美和欧洲，因为与他们总有一些贸易摩擦。实际上这是一个错觉。在2004年，中国57%的贸易是在亚洲内进行的。如果扣除11%是香港转口贸易，那么中国仍然有46%的贸易量是在亚洲。

　　1990年代后期的经济危机，对于亚洲政治领导人、学界、企业界都有很大教训，在全球化合作的情况下，亚洲各国不合作就会吃亏。因此，最近几年亚洲经济合作的步伐大大加快。

　　亚洲特色的次区域合作

　　近来，亚洲各国都在积极进行经济一体化的尝试。但目前所做的还是在经济合作的原始阶段，还处在经济合作的幼儿园或者小学阶段。目前比较成熟的，或者说可以称得上是一个经济合作成果的，就是东盟自由贸易区，更大一点的就是东盟和中国的“10+1自由贸易区”，依照2002年11月签署的《中国与东盟全面经济合作框架协议》，决定在10年内建成中国－东盟自由贸易区。

　　这些看似简单的文字协定，事实上经历了巨大的变化。中国从一个在经济合作中非常边缘的国家，一跃成为亚洲经济合作的领先者，而且走在了日本和韩国的前面。当2002年中国和其他东盟国家宣布“10+1”协议的时候，很多经济学家都跌破了眼镜，对日本的震动尤其大。

　　今年6月初，我在日本访问时，很多人同我专门谈到这个问题，日本作为一个经济大国，如果在经济合作中处于边缘地位的话，到2030年这个长发展期，日本将会损失很大的机遇，日本现在正在深刻反省为什么它们在经济合作中落后了。

　　除了经济共同体以外，一个具有亚洲特色的次区域合作正在亚洲开展。次区域就是说不是一个国家的整体合作，而是一些地区之间的合作，比如7月初在昆明召开的大湄公河次区域经济合作第二次领导人会议，6国政府首脑和亚洲开发银行集中讨论湄公河流域中国、缅甸、老挝、泰国、柬埔寨和越南间的经济联系，以促进次区域经济和社会的合作与共同繁荣。同时，中国新疆地区与中亚的合作、南亚的次区域、图们江的次区域经济合作，都是中国正在进行的次区域合作计划。

　　之所以要进行次区域合作，是因为除自由贸易之外，次区域合作还可以包括环境、旅游乃至社会、政治等方面合作。比如大湄公河次区域经济合作第二次领导人会议期间，就签署了“大湄公河次区域便利客货跨境运输协定”有关附件和议定书、“次区域电力贸易运营协议第一阶段实施导则谅解备忘录”、“大湄公河次区域信息高速公路规划和建设谅解备忘录”、“大湄公河次区域动物疫病防控合作谅解备忘录”等多领域的合作协议。不久的将来，一个签证就可以在整个大湄公河流域旅行了，云南发的电经过老挝可以输送到泰国，在基础设施方面，我们正在建立从云南到泰国的公路以及泛亚铁路。次区域合作是全方位的经济合作。

　　目前亚洲的金融合作也在不断推进，当然亚洲进行金融合作的前提还不是很成熟，包括人们常提到的亚元。现任亚洲开发银行行长黑田东彦就是“亚元之父”，他在几年前，提出了亚元概念，按照他的设想，亚洲货币联盟将分五步走，即以集合外汇储备为开端，然后是依次发展地方货币债券市场，签署自由贸易协议，之后是稳定亚洲货币相互汇率的过渡措施，最终形成货币联盟。50年前，谁都没有想到会有一个欧元的出现，由于经济学家们坚持不懈的推动才有了欧元，很可能我们的下一代就会看到亚元。

　　开辟亚洲市场

　　过去的20年里，亚洲是世界经济增长最快的区域。1997年亚洲金融危机以后，亚洲经济停顿了一些年，但现在已经完全恢复。亚洲开发银行对东亚未来三年经济增长的预测基本上在7%左右，对东南亚的预测也在6%左右，我们一直没有注意到的南亚的经济增长速度也保持在6%左右，南亚的人口之和与中国不相上下，与其他区域比较起来，亚洲在未来的10年中，甚至是更长的一个阶段里，都将保持最快的经济发展趋势。越是经济增长快的地方，它的经济摩擦就越小，这也是中国为什么要跟亚洲合作、为什么亚洲国家之间要进行合作的重要理由。

　　与亚洲其他国家相比，亚洲经济合作对于中国来说更重要，因为中国对其他亚洲经济体的贸易比重很大。中国一直与其他国家有贸易摩擦，其中说的比较多的是中国与美国的贸易摩擦。2000—2004年，中国对美国的贸易顺差从300亿美元左右增加到800亿美元，中国对欧洲的贸易也是顺差，这些国家对中国有很大的戒心。但大家往往没有注意到，同样在这段时间里，中国对于其他的亚洲经济体却存在着巨大的贸易逆差。以2004年为例，中国对美国有800亿美元的贸易顺差，对韩国却有300亿美元贸易逆差，对中国台湾省也有460多亿的逆差，仅这两个经济体加起来的全部逆差差不多就是中国对美国的顺差。

　　中国在扩大欧美巨大顺差的同时，在亚洲有着巨大的逆差，最后实际上中国的贸易顺差并不多。亚洲开发银行最近做的一个预测显示，中国对于亚洲其他经济体存在贸易逆差的现象，可能会长期持续下去。至少到2020年，中国的整个贸易格局还是保持这种状态，中国对欧美的巨大贸易顺差基本上与对亚洲经济体的逆差相抵消。

　　目前亚洲经济合作的重点是放在以下几个方面。第一就是防止亚洲再次出现经济危机。1997年的经济危机对于很多国家来说是惨痛的教训，很多国家一夜之间就倒退了10年。我们不要觉得这种经济危机不可能重演，拉美的经济危机每隔十几年就出现一次，而且往往还是重复在一个地方不断出现。因此亚洲国家应该携起手来共同克服，我们要做的重要工作之一就是建立一个早期的预警系统，现在前期的工作已经基本完成。其实一场经济危机并不是一夜就酿成的，现在我们建立这个系统，就是希望在早期能够给各国提出警告；

　　第二，万一我们挡不住，那么有一个紧急救援系统，尽可能将危机损失减少到最小的范围；

　　第三，我们应该鼓励我们的企业走出去开辟亚洲市场，如果中国的产品在其他国家遇到不公平待遇，我们的政府可以用我们手上逆差的筹码（就像我们顺差的那些国家一样），为中国谈判出一个有利的地位，同时我们也可以很细致地研究哪些亚洲国家对中国的产品有歧视性或者有进一步发展的潜力，特别是要加强贸易谈判来扩大贸易市场，减少双输的领域。

　　我们之所以在亚洲市场的贸易增长比较慢，可能跟我们外贸的形态有关。实际上到了一定的阶段，产品是容易打进发达国家的，但对发展中国家要扩大出口，往往靠正常的出口是不行的，这就需要用投资带动出口，如此多的外国资金投到中国就是这个道理。

　　企业要走出去，首先的问题是走到什么地方，走出当然要走到发展最快、机遇最大的地方，最好是周边的发展中国家。一方面是文化比较接近，再者就是国家的政治影响力也能顾及到这些地方，吃亏的可能性比较小。同时应该利用国家方兴未艾的区域经济合作，强调对于中国资本的保护。中国企业走出去还是一个初级阶段，所以政府的政策非常重要。政府在政治和经济外交上，应当多保护中国企业的投资，给中国企业带来更多的机会。

　　汤敏：亚洲开发银行驻中国代表处首席经济学家　　

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